Product Description
The SAE J3116 Pedestrian Test Mannequin Series is designed for automotive active safety, ADAS and pedestrian pre-collision system testing. It provides a high-fidelity pedestrian surrogate for the development, validation and assessment of pedestrian detection, warning and automatic emergency braking functions.
The product is developed with reference to SAE J3116 Active Safety Pedestrian Test Mannequin Recommendation. This recommended practice defines specifications for adult and child pedestrian mannequins that are representative of real pedestrians to sensors used in forward-looking pedestrian detection systems. The document covers pedestrian mannequins for vision, LiDAR and 76–78 GHz radar-based pedestrian pre-collision systems.
The mannequin provides realistic pedestrian size, body shape, visual appearance, near-infrared reflectance, 76–78 GHz radar cross-section characteristics and articulated limb motion. It is suitable for evaluating camera-, LiDAR-, millimeter-wave-radar- and multi-sensor-fusion-based pedestrian detection systems.
Motion Configuration
The SAE J3116-oriented pedestrian mannequin adopts a 6-degree-of-freedom articulated motion configuration to reproduce representative pedestrian gait characteristics.
| Body Part | Motion Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Left arm | Active | Programmable forward/backward swing |
| Right arm | Active | Programmable forward/backward swing |
| Left hip | Active | Programmable leg-driving motion |
| Right hip | Active | Programmable leg-driving motion |
| Left knee | Passive | Follows lower-limb motion through mechanical linkage |
| Right knee | Passive | Follows lower-limb motion through mechanical linkage |
The active arm and hip modules generate controlled pedestrian walking motion, while the passive knee joints provide natural lower-limb articulation. This structure helps reproduce realistic visual gait features and pedestrian-like radar micro-Doppler characteristics.
SAE J3116 emphasizes that articulation affects the apparent size, shape and radar response of the pedestrian mannequin, and that leg articulation is especially important for micro-Doppler-based radar detection. The document also notes that arm articulation is optional, but when implemented it should be consistent with natural human movement.
Key Features
- Realistic pedestrian representation for active safety and ADAS testing
- Developed with reference to SAE J3116
- Adult and 6-year-old child mannequin configurations
- Designed for 360° pedestrian sensor perception
- Representative visual, LiDAR and 76–78 GHz radar characteristics
- 6-DoF articulated motion system
- Active arm swing and active hip motion
- Passive knee articulation for natural gait behavior
- Adjustable motion amplitude and frequency
- Pedestrian-like gait and radar micro-Doppler response
- Compatible with PAD and PC software control
- Suitable for AEB Pedestrian, FCW and PCS testing
- Lightweight and impact-tolerant structure
- Compatible with common pedestrian target carrier systems
Technical Specifications
| Item | Adult Pedestrian Mannequin | Child Pedestrian Mannequin |
|---|---|---|
| Standard reference | SAE J3116 | SAE J3116 |
| Representative subject | Adult pedestrian | 6-year-old child pedestrian |
| Stature / height | 1715 mm | 1201 mm |
| Shoulder reference width / biacromial breadth | 408 mm | 262 mm |
| Bideltoid breadth | 491 mm | — |
| Hip pivot height | 912 mm | — |
| Knee pivot height | 490 mm | — |
| Upper arm length | — | 238 mm |
| Upper leg length | — | 272 mm |
| Chest circumference | 1030 mm | — |
| Waist circumference | 914 mm | 541 mm |
| Buttock circumference | 1062 mm | 595 mm |
| Upper arm circumference | 341 mm | 184 mm |
| Thigh circumference | 621 mm | 328 mm |
| Calf circumference | 386 mm | — |
| Motion configuration | 6 DoF | 6 DoF |
| Active joints | Arms and hips | Arms and hips |
| Passive joints | Knees | Knees |
| Sensor compatibility | Vision, LiDAR, 76–78 GHz radar | Vision, LiDAR, 76–78 GHz radar |
| Control method | PAD / PC software | PAD / PC software |
| Recommended maximum impact speed | Up to 60 km/h | Up to 60 km/h |
| Recommended maximum weight | ≤ 7 kg | ≤ 4 kg |
The adult and child dimensions above are based on the SAE J3116 body dimension table. The adult mannequin height is 1715 mm, while the child mannequin represents a 6-year-old child with a height of 1201 mm. The standard also recommends that the adult mannequin should not exceed 7 kg and the child mannequin should not exceed 4 kg, and that the mannequin should avoid hard surfaces or sharp points to reduce vehicle damage and occupant risk during tests up to 60 km/h.
Radar and Micro-Doppler Characteristics
The mannequin is designed to provide representative 76–78 GHz radar characteristics for pedestrian pre-collision system evaluation. SAE J3116 specifies that pedestrian radar response is influenced by body size, shape, posture, viewing angle, distance to radar, clothing and limb articulation.
For adult mannequins, the 76–78 GHz RCS pattern should generally present an elliptical distribution, with a stronger response in the front/rear direction and a lower response from the side. For child mannequins, the RCS pattern is expected to be more circular, with a 360° mean RCS of approximately -10 dBsm ± 5 dB at distances greater than 10 m.
The articulated arms and legs help generate pedestrian-like micro-Doppler signatures. For radar systems using micro-Doppler features, SAE J3116 notes that the mannequin should have limb articulations and gait cycles similar to real walking or running pedestrians, and that leg articulation is more important than arm articulation for radar micro-Doppler detection.
Visual and Infrared Characteristics
The mannequin body portions not covered by clothing should visually resemble real human skin and hair. SAE J3116 recommends a human skin tone representative of the middle third of the Von Luschan chromatic scale and brown or black simulated hair. Facial details such as eyes, nose, mouth and ears are not required because current pedestrian detection systems generally do not rely on these features.
The mannequin clothing is designed to represent common pedestrian appearance. SAE J3116 recommends that the mannequin can be dressed with appropriately sized off-the-shelf clothing. The document also provides representative clothing colors for adult and child mannequins, including dark upper/lower clothing for adults and dark upper plus medium-blue lower clothing for children.
For LiDAR-related near-infrared response, SAE J3116 specifies that human skin reflectivity in the 800–1100 nm wavelength range is approximately 0.4 to 0.6, and recommends clothing fabric reflectance ranges for near-infrared evaluation.
Application Areas
The SAE J3116 Pedestrian Test Mannequin Series is suitable for:
Pedestrian pre-collision system testing
AEB Pedestrian system validation
Forward Collision Warning evaluation
Camera-based pedestrian detection testing
LiDAR-based pedestrian recognition testing
76–78 GHz radar-based pedestrian detection testing
Radar micro-Doppler algorithm validation
Multi-sensor fusion performance evaluation
Adult pedestrian crossing scenarios
Child pedestrian crossing scenarios
Walking and running pedestrian scenarios
360° pedestrian perception assessment
Closed-course ADAS testing
OEM development and benchmarking
Research and validation of pedestrian perception algorithms